Turbochargers utilize exhaust gases to spin a turbine wheel, which in turn drives a compressor wheel that forces air into the engine. This system is highly efficient because it harnesses energy that would otherwise be wasted through the exhaust system. Modern turbocharged engines often feature variable geometry turbines and advanced wastegate systems for optimal performance across different RPM ranges.

Turbocharger technology has evolved significantly, with modern units incorporating ball bearings, variable nozzle technology, and integrated wastegates. Twin-scroll turbochargers separate exhaust pulses to reduce turbo lag and improve low-end torque delivery.

Superchargers are mechanically driven by the engine's crankshaft through a belt, chain, or gear system. This direct connection means superchargers provide immediate boost pressure without the lag associated with turbochargers. Common types include centrifugal superchargers, roots-type superchargers, and twin-screw superchargers, each offering different performance characteristics.

Centrifugal superchargers operate similarly to turbocharger compressors but are belt-driven, while positive displacement superchargers like roots and twin-screw types provide consistent boost across all RPM ranges.

Twin-charging combines both turbocharging and supercharging in a single engine system. The supercharger provides immediate low-end boost while the turbocharger takes over at higher RPMs for maximum efficiency. This configuration eliminates turbo lag while maintaining the efficiency benefits of turbocharging at higher engine speeds.